{"id":2239,"date":"2023-07-10T14:42:59","date_gmt":"2023-07-10T12:42:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kaethe-kollwitz-digital.de\/unkategorisiert\/the-war-cycle\/"},"modified":"2023-09-05T16:39:26","modified_gmt":"2023-09-05T14:39:26","slug":"the-war-cycle","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kaethe-kollwitz-digital.de\/en\/permanent-exhibition\/the-war-cycle\/","title":{"rendered":"The War Cycle"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\">When Germany entered World War I in August 1914, many families went in a period of anxiety that all too often turned into a time of mourning. At the end of October, the Kollwitz family received news of the death of their son Peter, who had fallen as a war volunteer on the Belgian front. This became a significant juncture for K\u00e4the Kollwitz, who had persuaded her husband to allow her underage son to take part in the war. In the years that followed, she processed her grief, her sense of guilt, and the consequences of the war through her art, and in 1922 completed seven woodcuts in the series <em>War<\/em>.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"733\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/kaethe-kollwitz-digital.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/DA_Foto_Peter-Kollwitz_Soldat_1914_1200x859px-733x1024.jpg\" alt=\"The historical photograph from 1914 shows Peter Kollwitz as a soldier. The photograph must have been taken before he voluntarily entered the war. \" class=\"wp-image-272\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kaethe-kollwitz-digital.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/DA_Foto_Peter-Kollwitz_Soldat_1914_1200x859px-733x1024.jpg 733w, https:\/\/kaethe-kollwitz-digital.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/DA_Foto_Peter-Kollwitz_Soldat_1914_1200x859px-215x300.jpg 215w, https:\/\/kaethe-kollwitz-digital.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/DA_Foto_Peter-Kollwitz_Soldat_1914_1200x859px-768x1073.jpg 768w, https:\/\/kaethe-kollwitz-digital.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/DA_Foto_Peter-Kollwitz_Soldat_1914_1200x859px.jpg 859w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 733px) 100vw, 733px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Peter Kollwitz as a soldier, 1914; \u00a9 Nachlass Kollwitz, K\u00e4the Kollwitz Museum K\u00f6ln \n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The younger son Peter (1896-1914) wanted to become an artist. He started his studies in late 1913. When in August 1914 World War I began, Peter and his friends immediately returned from a hiking trip to Norway to enlist as volunteers.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Since Peter was still a minor, he needed his parents&#8217; permission to do so. Karl Kollwitz wanted to refuse him, but with the support of his mother, Peter managed to persuade him. At that time the family was still convinced that it was a necessary and short defensive war. After some weeks of basic military training Peter was sent to the front line in Belgium. He died the night of October 22, 1914.       <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-video\"><video height=\"1080\" style=\"aspect-ratio: 1920 \/ 1080;\" width=\"1920\" controls src=\"https:\/\/kaethe-kollwitz-digital.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/DA_Video_Krieg_EN-2023.mp4\"><\/video><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Video about the death of son Peter and the episode &#8216;War&#8217;<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"777\" src=\"https:\/\/kaethe-kollwitz-digital.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/DA_Werk_KK_Krieg-Die-Freiwilligen-Studie_1920_1200x911px-1024x777.jpg\" alt=\"Study from 1920. Four figures consisting of Death beating a drum and three young men. They grasp each other around the shoulders and follow Death. They appear enraptured; seem to be in a trance state. Signed lower right: K\u00e4the Kollwitz    \" class=\"wp-image-273\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kaethe-kollwitz-digital.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/DA_Werk_KK_Krieg-Die-Freiwilligen-Studie_1920_1200x911px-1024x777.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/kaethe-kollwitz-digital.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/DA_Werk_KK_Krieg-Die-Freiwilligen-Studie_1920_1200x911px-300x228.jpg 300w, https:\/\/kaethe-kollwitz-digital.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/DA_Werk_KK_Krieg-Die-Freiwilligen-Studie_1920_1200x911px-768x583.jpg 768w, https:\/\/kaethe-kollwitz-digital.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/DA_Werk_KK_Krieg-Die-Freiwilligen-Studie_1920_1200x911px.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">K\u00e4the Kollwitz, The Volunteers, 1920, pencil study<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The illustration above shows the draft sketch for the eponymous second sheet of the series <em>War<\/em> from 1922\/23. In contrast to the final woodcut version (illustration below), this pencil sketch shows only four figures: the drum-beating Death and three war volunteers who are carried away by Death. In the woodcut, the five young men following Death stand for their son Peter and his friends who died in the war.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"764\" src=\"https:\/\/kaethe-kollwitz-digital.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/DA_Werk_KK_Krieg-Freiwillige_1921-22_1200x895px-1024x764.jpg\" alt=\"Six figures. Death stands on the left half of the picture and leads the group beating a drum. The other five figures follow him. They are individually characterised and depicted. Some follow him in passionate enthusiasm, the others in blind devotion. An arc of light stretches above their heads. They are all connected to each other. The inclination of their bodies to the left side of the picture and the strong contrasts of light and dark make the composition of the picture appear dynamic and powerful.       \" class=\"wp-image-275\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kaethe-kollwitz-digital.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/DA_Werk_KK_Krieg-Freiwillige_1921-22_1200x895px-1024x764.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/kaethe-kollwitz-digital.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/DA_Werk_KK_Krieg-Freiwillige_1921-22_1200x895px-300x224.jpg 300w, https:\/\/kaethe-kollwitz-digital.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/DA_Werk_KK_Krieg-Freiwillige_1921-22_1200x895px-768x573.jpg 768w, https:\/\/kaethe-kollwitz-digital.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/DA_Werk_KK_Krieg-Freiwillige_1921-22_1200x895px.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">K\u00e4the Kollwitz, The Volunteers, 1921\/22, woodcut \u00a9 Private collection Switzerland<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"774\" src=\"https:\/\/kaethe-kollwitz-digital.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/DA_Werk_KK_Krieg-Studie-Muetter_1919_Slg.-Reemtsma_1200x907px-1024x774.jpg\" alt=\"Two sketches. A woman embraces her two children who are standing in front of her. Her eyes are closed. The sketch on the right side of the picture is more elaborated than the sketch on the left side of the picture. Signed on the lower right: K\u00e4the Kollwitz 1919    \" class=\"wp-image-267\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kaethe-kollwitz-digital.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/DA_Werk_KK_Krieg-Studie-Muetter_1919_Slg.-Reemtsma_1200x907px-1024x774.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/kaethe-kollwitz-digital.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/DA_Werk_KK_Krieg-Studie-Muetter_1919_Slg.-Reemtsma_1200x907px-300x227.jpg 300w, https:\/\/kaethe-kollwitz-digital.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/DA_Werk_KK_Krieg-Studie-Muetter_1919_Slg.-Reemtsma_1200x907px-768x580.jpg 768w, https:\/\/kaethe-kollwitz-digital.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/DA_Werk_KK_Krieg-Studie-Muetter_1919_Slg.-Reemtsma_1200x907px.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Study &#8220;Mother embracing her two children&#8221;, 1919, \u00a9 Private collection<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The illustration above shows a study for the lithography <em>Mothers<\/em> (fig. below) from 1919, which K\u00e4the Kollwitz worked on for the cycle <em>War<\/em> and eventually discarded. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"778\" src=\"https:\/\/kaethe-kollwitz-digital.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Kollwitz-Muetter-1919-Kreidelithografie-1024x778.jpg\" alt=\"A group consisting exclusively of women and children. They stand close together and look at the viewer. The women hold their children close to them or carry them in their arms. In the centre is a woman who embraces her two children standing in front of her in a protective gesture.   \" class=\"wp-image-1978\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kaethe-kollwitz-digital.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Kollwitz-Muetter-1919-Kreidelithografie-1024x778.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/kaethe-kollwitz-digital.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Kollwitz-Muetter-1919-Kreidelithografie-300x228.jpg 300w, https:\/\/kaethe-kollwitz-digital.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Kollwitz-Muetter-1919-Kreidelithografie-768x584.jpg 768w, https:\/\/kaethe-kollwitz-digital.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Kollwitz-Muetter-1919-Kreidelithografie.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">K\u00e4the Kollwitz, Mothers, rel. version, 1919, lithograph <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>As so often, K\u00e4the Kollwitz took herself and her children as models for this study. In her diary on 6 February 1919 she recorded: &#8220;I have drawn the mother enclosing her two children, it is I with my own children born in the flesh, with Peterchen.&#8221; After seeing Barlach&#8217;s woodcuts in the summer of 1920, she completed the war cycle in the technique of the woodcut.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In contrast to the woodcut, the mothers in the previous, discarded lithograph are arranged in a gesta\ufb00eltered form and side by side. They appear less uniform and fortified than in the woodcut version and in the sculpture <em>The Tower of Mothers<\/em>.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/kaethe-kollwitz-digital.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/DA_Werk_KK_Krieg-Muetter_1921-22_1200x918px-1024x783.jpg\" alt=\"Mothers whose bodies form a tight and tightly closed circle around their children. They are so close together that they literally merge into one. Their large hands are protectively wrapped around themselves and their children. Their gestures are clearly defensive, their facial expressions reveal that they are frightened. Signed lower right: K\u00e4the Kollwitz    \" class=\"wp-image-277\" width=\"610\" height=\"466\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kaethe-kollwitz-digital.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/DA_Werk_KK_Krieg-Muetter_1921-22_1200x918px-1024x783.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/kaethe-kollwitz-digital.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/DA_Werk_KK_Krieg-Muetter_1921-22_1200x918px-300x230.jpg 300w, https:\/\/kaethe-kollwitz-digital.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/DA_Werk_KK_Krieg-Muetter_1921-22_1200x918px-768x588.jpg 768w, https:\/\/kaethe-kollwitz-digital.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/DA_Werk_KK_Krieg-Muetter_1921-22_1200x918px.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 610px) 100vw, 610px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">K\u00e4the Kollwitz, The Mothers, 1921-22, woodcut<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"684\" src=\"https:\/\/kaethe-kollwitz-digital.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/DA_Turm-der-Muetter_Kienzle-Oberhammer-1024x684.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1683\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kaethe-kollwitz-digital.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/DA_Turm-der-Muetter_Kienzle-Oberhammer-1024x684.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/kaethe-kollwitz-digital.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/DA_Turm-der-Muetter_Kienzle-Oberhammer-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/kaethe-kollwitz-digital.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/DA_Turm-der-Muetter_Kienzle-Oberhammer-768x513.jpg 768w, https:\/\/kaethe-kollwitz-digital.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/DA_Turm-der-Muetter_Kienzle-Oberhammer.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-normal-font-size\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kaethe-kollwitz-digital.de\/en\/the-first-world-war\/\">Previous Post: The First World War<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-normal-font-size\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kaethe-kollwitz-digital.de\/en\/permanent-exhibition\/memorial-grieving-parents\/\">Next Post: The First World War &#8211; &#8216;Mourning Parents&#8217; Memorial<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-16018d1d wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/kaethe-kollwitz-digital.de\/en\/tour-permanent-exhibition\/\">Back to table of contents<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>When Germany entered World War I in August 1914, many families went in a period of anxiety that all too often turned into a time of mourning. At the end of October, the Kollwitz family received news of the death of their son Peter, who had fallen as a war volunteer on the Belgian front. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1497,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"templates\/template-cover.php","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[30,36],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2239","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-permanent-exhibition","category-the-first-world-war"],"geo":null,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kaethe-kollwitz-digital.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2239","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kaethe-kollwitz-digital.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kaethe-kollwitz-digital.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kaethe-kollwitz-digital.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kaethe-kollwitz-digital.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2239"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/kaethe-kollwitz-digital.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2239\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2356,"href":"https:\/\/kaethe-kollwitz-digital.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2239\/revisions\/2356"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kaethe-kollwitz-digital.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1497"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kaethe-kollwitz-digital.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2239"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kaethe-kollwitz-digital.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2239"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kaethe-kollwitz-digital.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2239"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}